TU Dresden Data Publications
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://opara.zih.tu-dresden.de/handle/123456789/15
Data publications from research of Dresden University of Technology.
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Item Open Access RNAseq data for Hassani et al. "Environmental enrichment regulates inter-individual transcriptional variance in the hippocampus"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-09-28) Kempermann, Gerd; Rünker, AnnetteGenetically identical mice housed in the same enriched environment (ENR) develop divergent behavioural trajectories associated with differences in adult hippocampal neurogenesis and brain-wide connectivity. We asked whether such inter-individual differences are also reflected in the hippocampal transcriptome—not only as shifts in mean expression, but as effects on within-group variability. Analysing bulk hippocampal RNA-seq from isogenic standard- (STD) and ENR-housed mice, we identified highly variable genes (HVGs) that segregated into common, STD-specific and ENR-specific subsets. ENR did not uniformly increase transcriptional variability: it reduced highest variability in neuron-projection and synapse genes, while maintaining or increasing it in genes linked to extracellular matrix organization and oxidative phosphorylation. Mapped onto a WGCNA-derived ENR co-expression reference, HVGs were unevenly distributed across modules and concentrated at module hubs. Hub architecture and the position of non-hub HVGs differed between modules, corresponding to distinct functional programs: synaptic and chromatin-associated in two, RNA-processing and splicing in a third. Synaptic enrichment in STD-specific HVGs, extracellular-matrix enrichment in common HVGs and module-level localisation were stable across selection thresholds (5–20%). Hippocampal transcriptional variability is thus non-random, functionally coherent, embedded in co-expression architecture and shaped by environmental experience—suggesting it is an undervalued activity-dependent variable in the regulation of brain plasticity.Item Open Access Data for "Competing magnetic and spin vestigial orders from continuum field theory"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-09-23) Francini, Niccolò; Janssen, LukasThe archive contains the data used to construct Fig.1 and 7 of the manuscript "Competing magnetic and spin vestigial orders from continuum field theory" by N. Francini and L. JanssenItem Open Access Printing-assisted Integration of Thermal, Fluidic and Electrical Components in Implants for Focal Brain Cooling - Publication Data(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-09-23) Moore, Spencer Ryan; King, Naomi; Da Silva, Arua Clayton; Howarth, Clare; Berwick, Jason; Paterson, Thomas E.; Minev, Ivan R.Complete dataset for the publication "Printing-assisted Integration of Thermal, Fluidic and Electrical Components in Implants for Focal Brain Cooling". Contained within is the raw In Vitro and In Vivo experimental data; neural signal processing scripts; and data visualisation code for each figure graph in the publication. Implant G-code for each version of the design can be used to print a replica system using the RegenHU 3D Discovery bioprinter or adapt the code to another printer system. Hardware schematics and firmware code is provide for the manufacture the Auxiliary Driver hardware to support implant operations.Item Open Access Development and evaluation of a reinforcement learning-based decision support system for mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-09-12) Huhle, RobertThis data publication contains development (Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Local Ethical Committee Approval: BO-EK-423082021) and external validation data set (extracted and preprocessed from MIMIC-IV) for the developed first version of the IntelliLung-AI algorithm based on Reinforcement Learning. Data holds the input/output of the training, testing (development), as well as external validation pipeline as published in the GitLab repository (https://github.com/NIMI-research/rl-acute-respiratory-failure-dss).Item Open Access PSOCT data of cervical enamel(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-09-10) Schmidt, Christian; Walther, JuliaThis dataset presents polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT) data acquired from cervical enamel near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of a human tooth. Measurements were performed using the Thorlabs Telesto PSOCT system, operating at a central wavelength of λ̄ = 1300 nm, with an axial resolution of 4.2 µm in water and a lateral resolution of 12.2 µm. The A-scan pixel size is 3.473 µm, with a spatial sampling of dx = 5 µm in the fast scan direction and dy = 5 µm in the slow scan direction. The dataset includes two separate CSV files per volume scan: one for the co-polarized (co) channel and one for the cross-polarized (cross) channel. Each file contains 1024 rows corresponding to the 1024 A-scan components, with 1000 columns representing individual A-scans forming a single B-scan. A total of 800 B-scans are included in the dataset. The complex-valued data represent the product of amplitude and complex phase, enabling advanced analysis such as quantitative phase imaging, birefringence mapping, and tissue characterization. This dataset supports the validation and further development of the sPST (simplified Polarization-Sensitive OCT Technique) method and serves as a valuable resource for research in dental materials science, early caries detection, and optical imaging of hard tissues.Item Open Access Data corresponding to publication: "Field-driven phases in a three-dimensional twisted Kitaev model for CoNb2O6: Interplay of frustration and spin-orbit coupling" by T. Drechsler et al (2026)(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-09-04) Vojta, MatthiasThis dataset contains the data corresponding to the figures in the publication T Drechsler, M. Vojta, "Field-driven phases in a three-dimensional twisted Kitaev model for CoNb2O6: Interplay of frustration and spin-orbit coupling", Phys. Rev. B (2026).Item Open Access OpenBridgeLAB Output-Only Acceleration Data - Reference State, Damage State 1, and Damage State 2(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-08-28) Moeller, Max; Juler, Tobias; Patzelt, Adrian; Lenzen, ArminThe OpenBridgeLAB, a testing bridge erected to investigate structural health monitoring methods, was equipped with 32 uniaxial piezoelectric acceleration sensors to measure the structural response under ambient excitation. The bridge is a prestressed concrete bridge consisting of three spans, each with a length of 15 m. The bridge deck comprises three prefabricated T-beam elements. For the investigations, only Spans 1 and 2 were equipped with accelerometers, as Span 3 is structurally decoupled. The dataset consists of three different ensembles: the Reference State (RS), in which the bridge is in an undamaged condition, Damage State 1 (DS1), and Damage State 2 (DS2). Following the acquisition of the RS measurements, damage was introduced in Span 2 of the OpenBridgeLAB. A second damage was subsequently introduced in Span 1 after the measurements for DS1 had been captured. A detailed description of the damage scenarios and their locations is provided in the companion paper. In addition to the dataset, a datasheet is provided. The datasheet contains a detailed description of the measurements, including the sensor positions, sampling rate, number of measurements, and data structure. This research is part of the SPP100+ Priority Programme funded by the German Research Foundation.Item Open Access Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Environment for Geometry Education: A Design-Based Research Study(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-08-28) Josupeit, Judith; Arlt, Annika; Greiß, Annika; Dyrna, Jonathan; Köhler, ThomasVirtual reality (VR) offers new possibilities for geometry education by enabling learners to explore three-dimensional objects in spatially coherent environments. Despite these benefits, curriculum-related and theory-informed VR learning environments for lower secondary geometry remain limited, especially regarding formative evidence on users’ perceptions and design-related refinement needs. Thus, this study presents the development and formative evaluation of a VR learning environment for lower secondary geometry education, using a design-based research approach. In the environment, learners explored a virtual house and solved geometry tasks related to the geometric properties of the building and its surroundings. The evaluation comprised two phases with 48 participants in total. Quantitative questionnaire data and qualitative feedback were analyzed to examine perceived usability, cybersickness, cognitive load, motivation, perceived learning, didactic suitability, and design-related refinement needs. Overall, participants evaluated the environment positively. Ratings indicated low cybersickness, favorable perceived ease of use, low extraneous cognitive load, high learning-relevant effort, and high intrinsic motivation. Qualitative feedback showed that participants valued spatial exploration and perspective-taking, but also identified needs for more interaction, improved documentation of intermediate results, integrated feedback, and feasible classroom implementation.Item Open Access FedSurg EndoVis 2024: Challenge Subset of Appendix300(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-08-27) Kirchner, Max; Kolbinger, Fiona R; Jenke, Alexander C; Saldanha, Oliver L; Pfeiffer, Kevin; Kanjo, Weam; Kather, Jakob N.; Bodenstedt, Sebastian; Speidel, StefanieThis deposit contains the supplementary data for the FedSurg EndoVis 2024 Challenge, the first federated learning challenge in Surgical Data Science, held at MICCAI 2024. The challenge used a preliminary subset of the Appendix300 dataset, a multi-institutional collection of laparoscopic appendectomy recordings from German university and community hospitals, annotated with intraoperative appendicitis severity grades 0 to 5 following Gomes et al. The challenge cohort comprises 223 recordings across four centers, split into 153 training and 70 test cases. The deposit includes a CSV file specifying which Appendix300 samples were used in the challenge and their assignment to centers and to the training and test splits, together with two recordings that were used in the challenge but excluded from the final Appendix300 dataset because the available footage was shorter than the nominal 100 second window or the appendix was not clearly visible at the annotated timestamp. This deposit does not contain the appendectomy video recordings themselves, with the exception of the two excluded cases named above. The video data and accompanying clinical metadata are available separately as the Appendix300 dataset at https://doi.org/10.25532/OPARA-1173. The challenge evaluation and ranking code is available at https://gitlab.com/nct_tso_public/challenges/miccai2024/snippet, and the example federated learning setup at https://gitlab.com/nct_tso_public/challenges/miccai2024/FedSurg24. Use of this material requires citation of both the FedSurg challenge paper and the Appendix300 data descriptor. Released under CC BY.Item Open Access Data Sets for Paper "A Leaner and Faster Web: How CBOR Can Improve Dynamic Content Encoding in JSON and DNS over HTTPS"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-08-27) Lenders, Martine S.; Bormann, Carsten; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Wählisch, MatthiasThese data sets contain the files to recreate our evaluations using the code archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21790597. This is a supplement to the paper - M. S. Lenders, C. Bormann, T.C. Schmidt, and M. Wählisch, “**A Leaner and Faster Web: How CBOR Can Improve Dynamic Content Encoding in JSON and DNS over HTTPS**,” IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (TNSM), August 2026. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSM.2026.3722114 **Paper abstract:** The Internet community has taken major efforts to decrease latency on the World Wide Web with significant improvements in accelerating content transport and in compressing static content. Less attention, however, has been dedicated to compression of dynamic content. Such content is commonly provided by JSON and DNS over HTTPS. Dynamic content objects continue to grow in size, which increases latency and fosters the digital inequality. In this paper, we propose to mitigate this increase by utilizing Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR), a standard originally designed for the constrained Internet of Things (IoT) to restrict packet sizes and enable efficient encoding of data objects. We provide protocol design and three new data sets for the evaluation of dynamic content, DNS, and the loading of websites. Our key findings are the following: _(i)_ Switching the data representation from JSON to CBOR reduces data by up to 80%. This size reduction can decrease loading times by up to 13.8% when downloading large objects—even in local setups. _(ii)_ Enabling CBOR for DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over CoAP (DoC) reduces packet sizes significantly. Compressing only names combined with unpacked CBOR achieves maximum gain of 52.2%, using more complex but still lightweight Packed CBOR allows minimizing packets by up to 95.5%. Our lean decoder for name compression can fit into as little as 314 bytes of build size. Our results clearly show the potential of CBOR outside of IoT scenarios. Parts of this research have already influenced work within the IETF.Item Open Access Mean Stress Sensitivity of Cold-Worked High-Purity Copper: A comprehensive dataset(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-08-25) Schneider, Tom; Schöne, Sebastian; Bohot, André; Lauf, Matthias; Werdin, Sven; Hantschke, Peter; Zimmermann, Martina; Kästner, MarkusThe influence of work hardening on the fatigue behaviour of high-purity copper was investigated using commercially available sheet material (3 mm thickness, as-delivered, no additional rolling or heat treatment) in three strength classes (indicated by their R-number, a measure of minimum tensile strength): R240 (two independently supplied batches, R240-1 and R240-2), R290, and R360. These material states are representative of copper conductors used in electrical applications such as traction motors, generators, and battery systems. For each material state, the dataset comprises: 1. Microstructural characterization by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). 2. Quasi-static (monotonic) tensile tests in strain control, using the same specimen geometry as the fatigue specimens (10 mm gauge length; not a standard tensile geometry, so results beyond necking are not comparable to standardized tensile tests). 3. Load-controlled fatigue (Wöhler/S-N) tests on smooth, unnotched specimens at several load ratios, used to quantify the combined effect of mean stress and work-hardening state on fatigue strength. Run-out was defined at 5 10^7 load cycles.Item Open Access Interviewtranskripte, Stellungnahmen und Fragebogendaten zur Studie "Einfluss außerschulischer Lernorte auf Bewertungsprozesse zu Socioscientific Issues"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-07-30) Böning, PaulZu zwei Zeitpunkten in der Erhebung wurden mit einzelnen Schüler:innen Interviews durchgeführt. Die Transkripte dieser Interviews liegen, sortiert nach Gruppe, gemeinsam in einer zip-Datei im txt-Format vor. Die argumentativen Stellungnahmen der Schüler:innen vor und nach der Intervention liegen gemeinsam in einer csv- Datei vor. Am Ende jeder Stunde der Intervention beantworteten die Schüler:innen einen Fragebogen zur aktuellen intrinsischen Motivation. Vor der Intervention füllten sie einen Fragebogen zum individuellen Interesse an Physik aus. Alle Antworten auf diese Fragebögen liegen gemeinsam in einer zip-Datei gemeinsam mit der Itembeschreibung als csv-Dateien vor.Item Open Access Original research data of "Immediate Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence in Programmable Luminescent Tags Enabled by Oxygen-Free Fabrication"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-07-08) Winkler, Lucy; Schellhammer, Sebastian; Reineke, SebastianOriginal research data to the following paper: Programmable luminescent tags (PLTs) exploit the oxygen sensitivity of room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) from organic emitters to enable reversible information storage. In conventional PLTs, phosphorescence is initially quenched by oxygen incorporated during ambient processing. Upon UV irradiation, oxygen is photochemically consumed, activating RTP emission. While a single-use application is already commercially exploited in UV sensors, reusability is prevented by decreasing activation dose and RTP intensity over multiple activation cycles, which had previously been attributed to oxygen trapped during the fabrication process. Here, we introduce an oxygen-free fabrication workflow that enables direct control of the oxygen content in PLTs and thereby allows systematic investigation of its role in the activation process. It is demonstrated that oxygen can diffuse out of the active layer under oxygen-free conditions, resulting in oxygen-free devices with immediate RTP emission. A comparison of the reusability of oxygen-free and conventional PLTs reveals similar behavior, indicating that photodegradation rather than trapped oxygen dominates long-term performance. In addition, thermal preconditioning of oxygen-free PLTs enables regulated oxygen re-entry, allowing the activation dose to be tuned without modifying the material composition or device architecture. These findings clarify degradation processes in PLTs and establish a general framework for activation-tuned RTP in photonic devices.Item Open Access Supplemental material to "Field-induced condensation of π to 2π soliton lattices in chiral magnets"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-30) Winter, Moritz; Pignedoli, Alessandro; Rahn, Marein; Sukhanov, Aleksandr; Achinuq, Barat; Bollard, Jack; Azhar, Maria; Everschor-Sitte, Karin; Pohl, Darius; Schneider, Sebastian; Tahn, Alexander; Victor, Ukleev; Valvidares, Manuel; Thomas, Andy; Wolf, Daniel; Vir, Praveen; Helm, Toni; van der Laan, Gerrit; Hesjedal, Thorsten; Geck, Jochen; Rellinghaus, BerndThis dataset contains the experimental and simulation data underlying the figures of the corresponding publication, which reports a field-induced crossover from π to 2π chiral soliton lattices in the Heusler compound Mn1.4PtSn. All measurements were performed on the same focused-ion-beam lamella at room temperature, with the magnetic field applied out of plane (along the crystallographic c axis). The data are organized by method: (1) 1_LTEM — Lorentz transmission electron microscopy: transport-of-intensity (TIE) reconstructions of the magnetic phase and in-plane induction on a region of interest as a function of field (Figs 2, 3, 6), the two full-field raw micrographs at 0 and 300 mT shown in Fig 1, and the measured stripe period and domain widths vs field (Fig 3); (2) 2_REXS — resonant elastic X-ray scattering at the Mn L3 edge (Diamond I10): raw detector frames of the 0–550 mT field upsweep (Fig 1) and the extracted propagation-vector magnitude and harmonic intensities vs field (Figs 3, 4), with the analysis notebook; (3) 3_micromagnetics — Mumax3 input scripts and output (magnetization fields, energies, applied field) for the final field sweep that reproduces the measured modulation length, domain widths and harmonic content (Figs 6, 7, 8); (4) 4_model — a phenomenological 1D stripe-domain model (script, generated spin textures and induction profiles) used to deduce and visualize the spin textures (Figs 2g–o, 6); (5) figure_plots — the OriginPro projects holding the plotted data behind Figs 3, 4, 6 and 8. Together these data establish that the magnetic ground state of Mn1.4PtSn is a π-soliton lattice rather than a helical spiral, and that it condenses continuously into a conventional 2π-CSL under increasing out-of-plane field. A top-level README and Fig_to_data_map.csv document the file formats and the mapping between data and figures.Item Open Access Supplementary data for the publication "Cell size reduction distinctly scales spindle elongation and chromosome segregation in C. elegans"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-29) Okafornta, Chukwuebuka WilliamHow embryos adapt their internal cellular machinery to reductions in cell size during development remains a fundamental question in cell biology. Here, we use high-resolution lattice light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and automated image analysis to quantify lineage-resolved mitotic spindle and chromosome segregation dynamics from the 2- to 64-cell stages in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. While spindle length scales with cell size across both wild-type and size-perturbed embryos, chromosome segregation dynamics remain largely invariant, suggesting that distinct mechanisms govern these mitotic processes. Combining femtosecond laser ablation with large-scale electron tomography, we find that mid-spindle microtubules mediate chromosome segregation dynamics and remain uncoupled from cell size across all stages of early development. In contrast, spindle elongation is driven by cortically anchored motor proteins and astral microtubules, rendering it sensitive to cell size. Incorporating these experimental results into an extended stoichiometric model for both the spindle and chromosomes, we find that allowing only cell size and microtubule catastrophe rates to vary reproduces spindle pole-to-pole dynamics across development. The same model also accounts for centrosome separation and pronuclear positioning in the one-cell C. elegans embryo, spindle-length scaling across nematode species spanning ~100 million years of divergence, and spindle rotation in human cells. Thus, a unified stoichiometric framework provides a predictive, mechanistic account of spindle and nuclear dynamics across scales and species.Item Open Access Data for "Phase diagram of magnetis $S^3$ Skyrmions on three-dimensional lattices and the toroidal antiSkyrmion"(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-25) Francini, Niccolo; Bolognesi, Stefano; Gudnason, Sven Bjarke; Menta, RobertoThe archive contains the data used to construct Figs. of the manuscript "Phase diagram of magnetis $S^3$ Skyrmions on three-dimensional lattices and the toroidal antiSkyrmion" by N. Francini, S. Bolognesi, S.B. Gudnason, and R. Menta [arXiv:2606.07740]Item Open Access Experimental Materials for “Breaking the Silence with Authenticity”: A Scenario-Based Team Experiment Evaluating a Leadership and Employee Training(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-25) Ledermann, Franca; Wegge, Jürgen; Dörfel, DeniseThis archive contains experimental materials for a scenario-based team experiment evaluating an authenticity-based online training for leaders and employees in the context of healthcare. The corresponding study addresses employee silence as an emotionally embedded phenomenon linked to emotional exhaustion and impaired psychological well-being. Building on research on authenticity, emotional resources, leadership, and team processes, the experiment uses a control group design to examine whether the “Working Authentically” training can strengthen authenticity-related resources and reduce silence and emotional strain in emotionally challenging team interactions. The material package documents the standardized implementation of a pre-post experimental paradigm with clustered team data, simulated team meetings and role-specific instructions, and both self-report and observational assessment opportunities. It includes materials used to prepare, conduct, and standardize the experimental sessions, such as the experimental procedure SOP, role-specific instructions for leaders, employees, and confederates, meeting materials for the T0 and T1 assessments, participant communication templates, and training files and worksheets for the intervention group provided in separate leader and employee versions.Item Open Access Subcellular ETC flux data in mouse oocytes under oxygen drop and temperature sweep experiments(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-19) Schwabe, Maximilian; Ilker, Efe; Yang, XingboThis dataset contains the data of subcellular distributions of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) flux within mouse oocytes inferred from the fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of NADH. The ETC flux distribution is obtained as a function of distance to the center of the oocyte, displaying a spatial gradient. This dataset includes the different responses of this subcellular ETC flux gradients to oxygen drop and temperature sweep perturbations of the oocytes. It contains the raw data of the ETC flux gradients across these perturbations as well as analysis of the origin of this gradient using reaction-diffusion and spatial kinetic modeling. The code used to generate and make plots from the data is available at https://github.com/MaxScw/mitoFluxGradientsItem Open Access Dataset for the publication - A labelled property graph Framework for managing vitrimer formulation-, manufacturing-, and material-data: a proof-of-concept study on glass transition temperature(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-16) Saske, Bernhard; Sambale, Anna; Dammann, Maximilian; Von den Berg, Nina; Schwoch, SebastianThe data set is used in the article A labelled property graph Framework for managing vitrimer formulation-, manufacturing-, and material-data: a proof-of-concept study on glass transition temperature. The study investigates the use of a labelled property graph for storing measurement series related to determining the material properties of vitrimers, focusing on glass transition temperature (Tg). Two epoxy/4AFD vitrimer formulations with different resin-to-hardener ratios were analyzed, yielding Tg values of approximately 135.1 ± 0.2 °C and 107.6 ± 0.4 °C, respectively, from differential scanning calorimetry measurements. A custom data model was developed using a labelled property graph approach, designed in Hackolade Studio and implemented in Neo4j, to link experimental data with metadata. The proof of concept demonstrated the model's usability and consistency, highlighting the potential of property graph databases for structured vitrimer data storage.Item Open Access Mobility and GNSS-route data from a smartphone app-based travel survey from Berlin and Dresden (Städte in Bewegung 2025)(Technische Universität Dresden, 2026-06-02) Weber, Johannes; Hubrich, Stefan; Díaz Cordero, Manuel; Noroozi, Vahid; Wübbenhorst, Jonas; Krombach, Jonas; Gerike, RegineThese datasets are dedicated to non-commercial research purposes in the areas of mobility research, urban and transport planning, and geoinformation upon authorized request. Given the fact that the datasets contain personal data, only authorized research institutions in Germany can be granted full access. More information on data request can be found at https://dd-trust.zih.tu-dresden.de/msp-main/. Datasets can be provided as SAV or CSV files, collectively forming the StiB database of persons and their travel behavior, based in the cities of Berlin and Dresden, who have given their broad consent for scientific data reuse of pseudonymized data—referred to as the StiB Broad Consent Database. The database is hierarchical and consists of four interconnectable levels: 1) 1 dataset containing socio-demographic information about the participants as well as information about their participation in the survey (person level), 2) 1 dataset containing collected days per person with travel estimates, calendar details, participation duration and user validation status (day level), 3) 1+1 datasets with the collected trips per person and day with e.g. trip duration, distance, purpose and data quality criteria—extendable with a geo-referenced dataset containing start and end coordinates of the trips using WGS84 / EPSG:4326 (trip level) 4) 1+2 datasets with collected app items from the mobility diaries per person, day and trip with e.g., route/stay duration, distance, stay purpose and data quality criteria—extendable with two separate geo-referenced datasets containing information on route and stay geometry using WGS84 / EPSG:4326 (storyline level) The StiB Broad Consent Database is based on collected data from the StiB-app and related online questionnaires. These data have been post-processed by MSP and unified into one database, formatted according to the standardized structure above, from data collections in Berlin and Dresden.